Northern Medical College
Author: Li Haihan
Published: 2013-5-28 8:02:21
China's first medical professional school ---- Northern Medical
College
(see original text in Chinese)
A historian once said: "China looked to Xi'an five thousand years ago, it was Beijing five hundred years ago, it is Tianjin's turn in Modern China". The major historical events in China after the Opium War happened mostly in Tianjin. Tianjin occupies a very special place in China's modern history. The city not only carries its own history, it bears witness to a century of China's humiliation, struggle, suffering and glory. During this historical period, Tianjin created a lot of "firsts", which represents both a trial and a breakthrough.
According to historical data records, the Northern Medical School is the oldest National Medical School, it is also known as Tianjin Medical School. Its predecessor was the Northern Medical College founded in 1881 by Governor Lee Hong Cheung . It hired Dr. Mackenzie of the London Missionary Society as teaching physician. Students enrolled in A, or B classes with four and three school years respectively. This is the beginning of Western medical education in China. The English name for this school is "Governor Hospital" (Governor Lee's wife was treated successfully by Mackenzie from an illness no traditional Chinese medicine could cure; he subsequently won the sponsorship from Lee to open a modern hospital in 1880). The affiliated college was opened in December 15, 1881 with eight students enrolled. Teaching was provided by the surgeons attached to the Anglo-American army/naval detachments in Tianjin. Funding was supported by the provincial military budget with the approval of Governor Lee. Only six students in the first class remained to graduate in 1885. Everyone was awarded to high governmental positions. Two of them were appointed to the teaching staff, the rest became medics in the armed force. All the second class of students were from Hong Kong normal school graduates. They enrolled in 1883 and graduated in 1887. All the third class of 12 students 12 were graduates of the Hong Kong Central School. The studying period for this class had been extended due to poor grades in English. Two of the students were transferred to the telegraph school. Dr. Mackenzie died in 1888. The hospital was bought by the London Missionary Society. In December 1883 the 9th year of the Kwan Chiu, Qing dynasty, Lee appointed French Military Medic Khomeini to create the Northern Medical School in the original site of the " Northern Medical College " (Tianjin's oldest public hospital), and specialized in training Military medics. It was located in the French Concession at Sea Road (Dagu Road, Next to the 17th Middle School). The buildings were old-fashioned Chinese architecture donated by the Zhu Qi Chao of the Tianjin Merchants Bureau. There were more than 180 units with an additional 78 added later. The school and hospital are in bureaucratic style of ancient architects with tall gatehouse and black door. Each one hung a tablet inscribing " Northern Medical College " and "Northern Hospital" respectively. Both were written by the Governor Lee. He also wrote a couplet for the school: 𡜻or good minister, for the good doctor, equality for everyone; governing people, governing medicine, why not all the same. It means: The illness of the country and the patient should be treated the same; saving the country and healing the patients should use both the Western and Traditional methods.
The school had three court yards, a smaller one in the front. It housed the Dean's office, the superintendent office, the administrative department, and the accounting office. Gatehouse had a large bench for stationing personnel from morning till night, like the guard now. The central court was larger, the building was in the East. Classrooms were in the upper level, auditorium in downstairs. Dormitories were in the south and west sides. The building at the North contained a library, herbarium; the storage room was upstairs, the X-ray room and gym were downstairs. The backyard was larger providing space for a student kitchen, tennis court, basketball court and so on. The Hospitals were converted from old bungalows, linked together by a corridor and separated into three units. The clinic was in the front yard housing the maternity, facial features, pharmacy and other departments. The central court was connected to the school, there were several wards (approximately fifty to sixty beds), with operating rooms, high pressure sterilization room, optometry room and preparation room. The backyard had a laboratory (the Pasteur laboratory, managed by the French teaching Rousseau Corporation, not belonging to the hospital) includes animal room, dissection room, football field, mortuary and a back door. The Northern Medical School belonged to the public, student admission is free. After completion of the complex, the British Edinburgh medical school MBChB physician, and Qu Gui Ting from Guangdong were appointed as supervisors. The latter was promoted to a position equivalent to municipal mayor.
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Enrollment in the early days was limited to those from the Guangdong province. Boarding was free of charge. The food was excellent, and accommodation was provided to four students sharing a room. Monthly expense was about 22 yuan. This was the best treatment among medical schools. Such a generous offering attracted a lot of scholars and academics. The Tianjin locals rallied together to protest the Guangdong only recruitment policy, winning a local quota in subsequent recruitments. Local scholars, such as Liu Ruihua (ENT doctor), Shen Hong Xiang (vocalist Shen Xiang's father) were admitted by such a circumstance.
Years later, Dr. Lin Lianhui the outstanding graduate from the first semester became the school superintendant (the equivalent of president), and Ou shi Dun from the Medical Officer of Tianjin Revenue was appointed supervisor of general medical practice. The Teaching staff included both local and foreign doctors. In 1910, the school teaching staff had three Chinese doctors and two foreign doctors. At this point, the school was incorporated by the Navy for training specialized Navy medics. It was renamed "Northern Navy Medical School." In accordance with the Boxer Treaty, The foreign medical teachers had to be Frenchmen, this was because the school is located in the French Concession, in order to be exempted from real estate taxes. The condition for such an arrangement was that French instructors must be hired to teach the class. The first two outstanding students could go to the School of Medicine at Bordeaux University for further study. At this time, the school curriculum is more complete. The Navy Medical Hospital was attached to the school for the students to practice. Later, the Guangdong celebrities Gu Kai Che succeeded to the post of president. After the sixth enrollment, the number of local students had suppressed those from Guangdong.
In the early part of the Republic of China, there was nationwide recruitment every two or three years with a maximum of 30 each time. The entrance examination was very strict. The president personally interviewed the candidates. They were required to read the Tianjin "North Daily", and orally translated the English into Chinese. Those who passed are allowed to take the written examination. The test result for each subject was published the next day. The failing participants were not allowed to take the next exam. Therefore, starting from more than a few thousand candidates only 30 would be finally admitted from the remaining 200. The written examination included English writing, Chinese writing, math, physics and chemistry. The students were from Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Fujian, Zhili (now Hebei), Tianjin and other places. The Ministry of Education issued a "special school order" on the first anniversary of the Republic of China (October, 1912) to rename the Northern Naval Medical School to Zhili Public Medical School funded by the Department of the Navy supply. King Hang Hum was appointed president, his successor was Zhang Tinghan. New buildings and dissection rooms were erected in 1914. The hospital admitted about 400 to 500 outpatients per day. Registered fee was 5 cents with inexpensive drugs. There were no formal hospital nurses. All the injections, dressing and other hands-on tasks were performed by the doctor. The male workers did the physical work. Hospitalisation costs were low, families could accompany the patient, but had to supply their own bedding and meals.
The Zhili Public Medical School moved to Baoding in September 1915. The Zhili government allocated the buildings and funds for transfering the formerly Senior Normal School to this new Specialized Medical College (now Hebei Medical University). In October the same year, the original site in Tianjin reverted to the jurisdiction of the Department of the Navy, and renamed to "Naval Medical School". The president retained his post with funding from the Department of the Navy. It offered pre-school and undergraduate study with 1 year and 4 years training respectively. Pre-school colloquium include: Chinese, foreign culture, chemistry, physics, anatomy, physiology, physics and chemistry practice, gymnastics; while the undergraduate's included: Chinese, foreign culture, physics (with electrical application), anatomy (system anatomy, regional anatomy), histology, physiology, medical chemistry (with poison science), drug potency science, surgery (small surgery, cutting treatment surgery, surgical military array), drug samples internships, practicum bandages, medical chemistry internships, internships histology, anatomy internships, internships pathology, surgical internship, internship prescription drugs, viviparous science, health science , bacteriology, orthotics, bacteriology practice, ophthalmology practice, navy hygiene, otolaryngology, gynecology, obstetrics, pediatrics, dermatology, venereal disease, psychiatry, medical referee, military tactical deployment of medicine, emergency surgery, epidemiology prevention at sea, the Navy regulations, gymnastics. Examinations included sub-semester test, full-semester test. The graduation tests included written, oral, testing, and clinical practice. The passing grade is 60. Students with just the passing score, but below ethical standard were not allowed to upgrade or graduate.
The Manchurian warlord Chang Tso Lam occupied Beijing in 1925. He dispatched Medical Director Wang Zong Cheng accompanied by Chan Lai Nan to take over the school in early summer. President Zhang Xiang was responsible for the transfer. By March 1930, there were 16 semesters with 219 graduates. The Northern Medical School was the first in Tianjin, and also the country's first public medical school. School graduates in the medical profession have done every well. The most famous one was the private medical physician for president Chu Shi Chang, others served in the Navy Medical Affairs, the medical officer in Nanjing, the Ministry of Health, etc. There were career physicians and medical teachers as well.
In 1933, the Mayor of Tianjin Zhou Long Guang trespassed and undermined the sovereignty by signing an agreement with the French consul to relinquish the school estate allowing its demolition to build roads. The schools were forced to close down. The agreement was nullified later by various governmental departments. A revival plan instigated by these agencies in December 29 was scuttled due to lack of funds.
Actually, the school was already closed in 1930 due to insufficient funds. Its Affiliated Hospital followed suit in 1933, and both were demolished later. After liberation, the site was turned into a bus depot and trolley station.
我國第一所醫科專業學校----北洋醫學堂
作者：李海涵 發佈時間：2013-5-28 8:02:21
我國第一所醫科專業學校----北洋醫學堂
一位史學家說過“五千年中國看西安，五百年中國看北京，近代中國看天津”的說法。 歷數鴉片戰爭之後，中國發生的重大歷史事件，大部分可以在天津找到遺跡。 天津在中國近代史上一直佔據著非常特殊的位置。 這座城市不僅承載著自身的歷史，更見證著百年間中國的屈辱與抗爭，苦難與輝煌。 在這段歷史時期，天津開創了很多的“第一次”，這既是嘗試也是突破。
據文史資料記載，中國最早的公立醫學堂是北洋醫學堂，也叫天津軍醫學堂，其前身是1881年直隸總督李鴻章在北洋施醫局創辦的醫學館。 該館聘英國倫敦傳教會醫生馬根濟為醫師，招收學生分甲、乙兩種。 甲種學制4年，乙種學制3年，這是中國舉辦西醫教育之始。 醫學館的英文名為“總督醫院”（馬根濟因治好了李鴻章妻子經中醫醫治無效的疾病，而獲得了李的讚助，於1880年開辦了一所新式醫院）附屬醫學校於1881年12月15日開學，有學生8名。 由駐在天津的英美海軍中的外科醫生擔任教習，臨床教學在總督醫院進行。 李鴻章從省軍防經費中支撥該校的全部費用。 第一班至1885年畢業時剩6名學生，都被授予九品文官，領五品或六品銜，兩名高才生留校充任教師，其餘派往陸軍崗位或海軍軍艦，成為隨軍軍醫。 第二班學生 都是香港師範學校的畢業生，於1883年入學，1887年畢業。 第三班學生12名全為香港中心學校畢業生，但由於有的學生英文程度低而延長了學習年限，其中2名轉入電報學堂。 1888年馬根濟醫生去世，總督醫院被倫敦傳教會收買。
清光緒九年（1883）12月，李鴻章委派法國軍醫梅尼在原“醫學館”基礎上創建北洋醫學堂，並附設北洋醫院（天津最早的公立醫院），專門培養軍醫人才。 地點在法租界海大道（大沽路十七中學旁）。 這是一座中國舊式民房建築，由天津招商局總辦朱其詔捐贈。 有房屋180餘間，後又添建78間。 學堂與醫院皆為衙門式的古建築，門樓高大、黑漆大門，各懸橫匾一塊，分別為“北洋醫學堂”和“北洋醫院”，二者均係李鴻章所寫。 李鴻章還為該學堂題寫了一副對聯：為良相，為良醫，只此痌瘝片意；有治人，有治法，何妨中外一家。 意思是：對於國家的沈痾就如同醫者對於病者痌瘝一樣體貼關注，記掛在心；在治病救人還是治國安邦上不妨融合西方的醫術與政令法規。
學校分三道院。 前院略小，系平房，有行政科室，如院長室、學監室、總務室、財會室等。 門樓有一寬大板凳，有一人由早到晚在此值班，很像是現在的傳達室。 中院較大，東有教學樓，上為課室，下為禮堂。 宿舍樓在西南兩側。 北樓上有圖書館、標本室和儲藏室，下有χ光室和健身房。 後院較大，有學生廚房和網球、籃球場等。 醫院是舊時平房，有走廊相通，分三道院。 前院為門診部：設內、外、婦產、五官、藥房等科室。 中院與學校相通，有病房數間（約有床位五、六十張）、手術室、高壓消毒室、驗光室和調劑、製劑室等。 後院有化驗所（巴斯德化驗所，法人教師盧梭望管理，不屬醫院）、動物室、解剖室、足球場、太平間和後門等。 北洋醫學堂屬公立，學生免費入學。醫學院落成後，委派英國愛丁保醫學院畢業的醫學士、粵人曲桂庭為監督，复承直隸總督兼北洋大臣起奏清廷，欽賜曲桂庭“四品花翎”，官同知府。
學堂成立初期歷屆招生只限廣東一省，錄取入學的學員，有關生活食宿均由校方無償提供。 食是高級餐品，住宿是四人一室，分門別戶各得其宜。 另外每人月給紋銀15兩（約合大洋22元），待遇之高，優於全國其它醫學堂。學者士子多樂而爭考之。 天津地方名宿士人對只招廣東一省學生群起抗議，爭得比率名額，當地士子始得招考，如劉瑞華（耳鼻喉大夫）、沈鴻翔（聲樂學家沈湘的父親）就是在這樣的情況下考進去的。
幾年後，第一屆優秀畢業生林聯輝醫生任督辦（相當於校長），天津稅務署歐士敦醫官監督一般醫學事宜。 教學人員包括中外醫生。 1910年，該校教學人員有3名中國醫生和兩名外國醫生。 此時，該學堂歸海軍部直轄，專門培養海軍軍醫，更名為“北洋海軍醫學堂”。 依照庚子條約，所聘外人教習均為法國人，這是因為學校位於法租界，為了免交房地產稅，條件是必須聘法國教習任教，每班前兩名可到法國波爾多大學醫學院進修。 這時，該校課程更齊全，附設海軍醫校醫院，供學生實習用。 後來，廣東名士顧繼之繼任校長。六屆招生之後，津生多於粵生，甚至幾乎是天津當地的生員。
民國初年，學校每二三年面向全國招生一次，每次最多30名。 招生考試相當嚴格。 校長先親自英語面試，考生朗讀當時的天津《華北日報》，並口頭譯成漢語。 翌日發榜及格者方准參加筆試。 筆試每次考一門，次日發榜，無名者不能參加下一場考試，以此推類。 因此投考者雖逾千名，參加筆試者每次遞減，最後從餘下的200多人中錄取30名。 筆試有英文作文、中文作文、算術、理化等。 錄取的新生來自廣東、浙江、江蘇、福建、直隸（現河北）、天津等地。 民國元年（1912）10月，教育部頒布了《專門學校令》，北洋海軍醫學堂據此於1913年改名為直隸公立醫學專門學校，經費由海軍部補給，經亨咸任校長，繼任者張廷翰。 1914年時新建樓房及解剖室。 醫院門診每日約400∼500人次。 掛號每次5分錢，藥費低廉。 醫院沒有正式護士，一切注射、換藥等都由醫生親自動手。 醫院的男工友只做衛生和體力工作。 住院費很低，家屬陪伴，被褥飲食完全自理。
1915年9月，直隸公立醫學專門學校遷址保定，直隸省利用停止招生的直隸高等師範學校部分經費和校舍，在保定重新建立了獨立的直隸公立醫學專門學校（今河北醫科大學前身）。 同年10月，在津的原校址收歸海軍部管轄，改為“海軍軍醫學校”，仍以原校長董理校事,經費由海軍部補給。 校內設有預科及本科，修業年限，預科1年，本科4年。 預科學習內容有：國文、外國文、化學、物理學、解剖學、生理學、理化實習、體操。 本科學習內容有：國文、外國文、物理學（附橋醫電學）、解剖學（系統解剖學、局部解剖學）、組織學、生理學、醫化學（附毒藥學）、藥物藥性學、外科學（小外科、割治手術、軍陣外科）、藥物標本實習、繃帶學實習、醫化學實習、組織學實習、解剖學實習、病理組織實習、內外科實習、藥物方劑實習、胎生學、衛生學、細菌學、矯形學、細菌學實習、眼科學實習、海軍衛生學、耳鼻咽喉科學、婦科學、產科學、兒科學、皮膚病學、花柳病學、精神病學、裁判醫學、軍陣法醫學、救急外科、海上預防傳染科、海軍法規、體操等。 試驗（即考試）分學期試驗、學年試驗、畢業試驗三種，採用筆答、口述、試驗、實習四種方式進行，60分為及格。 學科分數僅能及格，其操行列丁等以下者，不准升級或畢業。
1925年奉系軍閥張作霖佔領北京時，於夏初派軍醫總監王宗承，偕同陳麗南來津接受該校，當任校長張子庠負責辦理接交事宜。
該校自開辦至1930年3月止，學生畢業凡16屆，共219人。 北洋醫學堂不僅是天津，而且還是全國創辦最早的公立醫學院。 該校畢業生在醫務界多有建樹。 有任徐世昌大總統的醫官屈老大夫，有在海軍部醫政處當校級醫官唐大夫，有在南京衛生部當司長的蔡鴻和在衛生部當科長的景紹薪，有留校任教又從醫的教師，還有不少自已開業的地方名醫，如中華醫院創始人張忠信等。
1933年，天津市市長周龍光擅與駐津法國領事簽訂有損主權的協約，竟將該校地產讓與法租界，許其拆除以改築馬路，學校被迫停辦。 後由國民黨政府海軍部部長陳紹寬據理力爭，由外交部及北平軍事委員會分會等赴津交涉，乃收回成命。 12月29日，由國民黨行政院召集內政、財政、教育、海軍等部商討關於復興天津醫學校計劃，但終以經費無著而擱置。
該學校因經費不足於1930年停辦，附屬醫院維持到1933年停辦。 學校和醫院先後拆除。 解放後，場地被闢為一路汽車站和無軌電車站起始站的停車場。